CodeCogs

Computes the temperatures at contact surfaces between the layers of a spherical non-homogeneous wall.

Interface

#include <codecogs/engineering/thermodynamics/conduction/nhm_sphere.h>

using namespace Engineering::Thermodynamics::Conduction;

std::vector<double> nhm_sphere(int n, double t1, double t2, double *d, double *lambda)

For a spherical non-homogeneous wall, formed by n layers of various diameters $d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_n$ and thermal conductivities $\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_n$ the total conductive heat flow is unidirectional and is given by the following formula:

$Q = 2\pi (t_1 - t_2) \left[ \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{\lambda_i} \left( \frac{1}{d_{i-1}} - \frac{1}{d_i} \right) \right]^{-1}$

(1)

where $d_0$ is the internal diameter of the spherical wall.

It is assumed that the i-th layer has constant thermal conductivity $\lambda_i$ at any of its points.

The temperature at the contact surface between layer $i$ and layer $i + 1$ will be denoted by $ts_i$ , for any value of $i$ between 1 and $n-1$ . The value of these temperatures are obtained by considering the following equality relation between the total conductive heat flows which pass through each layer and the value of $Q$ given above:

$Q_1 = Q_2 = \ldots = Q_n = Q$

(2)

where:

$Q_k = 2 \pi (t_1 - ts_k) \left[ \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{1}{\lambda_i} \left( \frac{1}{d_{i-1}} - \frac{1}{d_i} \right) \right]^{-1}.$

(3)

Hence we obtain the following formula:

$ts_k = t_1 - \frac{Q}{2 \pi} \left[ \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{1}{\lambda_i} \left( \frac{1}{d_{i-1}} - \frac{1}{d_i} \right) \right]^{-1} \qquad i = \overline{1, n-1}.$

(4)

In the diagram below you may notice the temperatures $t_1, ts_1, ts_2, \ldots, ts_{n-1}, t_2$ which decrease while the heat flow passes through layers of increasing diameters and various thermal conductivities.

Example 1

#include <codecogs/engineering/heat_transfer/conduction/nhm_sphere.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
  // input data
  int n = 4;
  double t1 = 75.0, t2 = 20.0,
  d[5] = {0.1, 0.15, 0.2,  0.25, 0.35},
  lambda[4] = {0.75, 0.95, 1.2,  1.0};

  // display the various input data
  printf("Input values:\n\n");
  printf(" n = %d\nt1 = %.2lf\nt2 = %.2lf\n\n", n, t1, t2);
  printf("diameters:\n(");
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    printf("%.2lf, ", d[i]);
  printf("%.2lf)\n\n", d[n]);
  printf("lambda:\n(");
  for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
    printf("%.2lf, ", lambda[i]);
  printf("%.2lf)\n\n", lambda[n - 1]);

  // compute the temperatures at the contact surfaces between all layers
  std::vector<double> result = 
  Engineering::Heat_Transfer::Conduction::nhm_sphere
  (4, t1, t2, d, lambda);

  // display the results
  printf("\nThe temperatures at contact surfaces between layers are:\n\n");
  printf("(");
  for (i = 0; i < result.size() - 1; i++)
    printf("%.5lf, ", result[i]);
  printf("%.5lf)\n\n", result[result.size() - 1]);

  return 0;
}

Output

Input values:

 n = 4
t1 = 75.00
t2 = 20.00

diameters:
(0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.35)

lambda:
(0.75, 0.95, 1.20, 1.00)


The temperatures at contact surfaces between layers are:

(45.09862, 33.29544, 27.68893)

Parameters

the number of layers

the temperature of the heat flow at the entry surface (degrees Celsius)

the temperature of the heat flow at the exit surface (degrees Celsius)

an array with the diameters of the layers (meters)

lambda

an array with the thermal conductivities of the layers (Watts per meter Celsius)

Returns

A vector containing the temperatures at the contact surfaces between all layers (degrees Celsius).

The inequality $t_1 > t_2$ must always hold when passing values to the function. Also the diameters array must be given in increasing order, thus:

$d_0 < d_1 < d_2 < \ldots < d_n.$

(5)

References

Dan Stefanescu, Mircea Marinescu - "Termotehnica"