Moments of Inertia
Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion. It is proportional to an object's mass.
A bending moment exists in a structural element when a moment is applied to the element so that the element bends.
Determination of Moments of Inertia by both analytical and graphical methods.
Moments of inertia
The moment of Inertia $I$, also called the second moment of area, is defined as either $\int y^2\: da$ or $\int x^2\: da$ depending upon which axis the moment is taken.
It can be shown that the sum of $I_x$ and $I_Y$ equals $J$ (the Polar Moment of Inertia). This relationship is called the Perpendicular Axis Theorem which states that the sum of the moments of area about any two axes in the plane is equal to the moment of inertia about the axis perpendicular to the plane, the three axes being concurrent.
It follows that the sum of the moments of inertia about any two perpendicular axes through a given point in the plane is constant.
Circular Section
To calculate the polar moment of inertia $J$ about the centre of the section $O$:
$\delta \, A = 2\pi r\: dr$ $\therefore\;\;\;\;\;J = \int_{0}^{\frac{d}{2}}\: r^2\: 2\pi r\: dr= 2\pi \left[\frac{r^4}{4} \right]_0^{\frac{d}{2}}$ $\therefore\;\;\;\;J = \frac{\pi \, d^4}{32}$
But $J = I_X + I_Y$ by the Perpendicular Axis Theorem, and since $I_X$ and $I_Y$ are equal being moments of inertia about a diameter.
$I_{diam} = \frac{1}{2}\: J = \frac{\pi \, d^4}{64}$
For a hollow section with external diameters and internal diameters of $D$ and $d$.
$J = \displaystyle\frac{\pi }{32}\left(D^4 - d^4 \right)$ and $I_{diam}. = \displaystyle\frac{\pi }{64}\left(D^4 - d^4 \right)$
The ratio $\displaystyle\frac{I}{y}$ max is called the section modulus $Z$, so that the maximum stress $f_{max}$ equals $\displaystyle\frac{M}{Z}$.
The bending moment which can be carried by a given section for a limiting stress is called the Moment of resistance.
The parallel axis theorem
${I_z = \displaystyle\int (y + h)^2\;dA}= \displaystyle\int \, y^2\, .\, dA + 2h\displaystyle\int y\, .\, dA + h^2\displaystyle\int \, dA$ (by definition)
$\therefore\;\;\;I_z = I_x + Ah^2$ since $\displaystyle\int\,y\,da = 0$
Stated in words:
The moment of inertia about any axis is equal to the moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the centroid plus the area times the square of the distance between the axes.
It should be noted that the moment of inertia through the centroid is the minimum value for any axis in that particular direction.
If it is required to transfer from one axis $zz$ to a parallel axis $VV$, neither being through the centroid, then the operation must be done in two stages.
i.e.
And $\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;I_V = I_G\;+\:Ak^2$
From which $\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;I_V = I_Z - Ah^2 + Ak^2$
Calculations of moments of inertia
a) Rectangular section.
From the diagram, $I_X = \int_{-\, \frac{d}{2}}^{\frac{d}{2}}\: y^2\: b\, dy= b\: \left[\frac{y^3}{3} \right]_{-\frac{d}{2}}^\frac{d}{2}= \frac{b\, d^3}{12}$
For a hollow section of outside dimensions $B:D:$ and inside dimensions $b;d;$
$I_X = \frac{1}{12}\left(BD^3 - bd^3 \right)$
b) $I$ section
In the case of standard sections the moments of inertia are computed graphically from the actual shape of the cross section as rolled. However, a reasonable approximation can be made by estimating the mean flange thickness and working from a series of rectangles.
Using the dimensions shown, the moment of inertia about $XX$ may be obtained by subtracting that for rectangles $(B - t_2)$ wide and $d$ deep from the overall figure for $B$ times $D$.
i.e. $\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;I_X = \displaystyle\frac{1}{12}\left[BD^3 - (B - t_2)d^3 \right]$
Alternatively, for greater accuracy of calculation, the web and flanges may be treated separately using the parallel axis theorem for the flanges.
Hence, $I_X = 2\left(\left[\frac{Bt_1^3}{12} \right] + Bt_1\left[\frac{(d\,+\,t_1)}{2} \right]^2 \right) + \frac{t_2d^3}{12}$
Where $\displaystyle\frac{(d + t_1)}{2}$ is the distance between the centroid axis of the flange itself and the principal axis of the whole cross section $XX$. The term $\displaystyle\frac{B\,t_1^3}{12}$ is very small and can usually be neglected
$I_Y = \frac{1}{12}\left(2t_1B^3 + dt_2^3 \right)$
The width being the dimension parallel to $YY$ and the depth parallel to $XX$.
The Graphical determination of Moment of Inertia.
Assume that it is required to find the Moment of Inertia of an irregular shape about its centroid, $XX$.
Let $ZZ$ be a convenient axis Outside the section. Note $ZZ$ is parallel to $XX$.
Divide the Shape up into strips of area $\delta A$ which are parallel to $ZZ$ and at a distance $y$ from it. As each strip is of the same width $\delta y$, the areas $\delta A$ will be proportional to their width $x$.
It is now possible to complete the following table:
If $h$ is the distance from the centroid then taking Moments about $ZZ$:
$A\;h = \displaystyle\sum y\,\delta A$ i.e. $\;\;\;\;\;h = \displaystyle\sum y\;\displaystyle\frac{\delta A}{A}$
Using the Parallel Axis Formula (Equation 1)
$I = I_z - A\,h^2$ Where $\;I_z = \displaystyle\sum y^2 \delta A$
Appendix
The following table shows Moments of Inertia for commonly occurring geometric shapes. For Rolled Steel Joints, Hollow sections, and other structural shapes it is more accurate to use tables produced by the manufactures of these products.
