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sort functions

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NAME

qsort, qsort_r, heapsort, mergesort

INTERFACE

#include <stdlib.h> void \n qsort( void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar ) (const void *, const void * ),) \n

void \n qsort_r( void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, void *thunk, int (*compar ) (void *, const void *, const void * ),) \n

int \n heapsort( void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar ) (const void *, const void * ),) \n

int \n mergesort( void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar ) (const void *, const void * ),) \n

DESCRIPTION

The qsort function is a modified partition-exchange sort, or quicksort. The heapsort function is a modified selection sort. The mergesort function is a modified merge sort with exponential search intended for sorting data with pre-existing order. \n \n The qsort and heapsort functions sort an array of \c nmemb objects, the initial member of which is pointed to by \c base. The size of each object is specified by \c size. The mergesort function behaves similarly, but requires that \c size be greater than "sizeof(void *) / 2". \n \n The contents of the array \c base are sorted in ascending order according to a comparison function pointed to by \c compar, which requires two arguments pointing to the objects being compared. \n \n The comparison function must return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the second. \n \n The qsort_r function behaves identically to qsort , except that it takes an additional argument, \c thunk, which is passed unchanged as the first argument to function pointed to \c compar. This allows the comparison function to access additional data without using global variables, and thus qsort_r is suitable for use in functions which must be reentrant. \n \n The algorithms implemented by qsort , qsort_r , and heapsort are not stable, that is, if two members compare as equal, their order in the sorted array is undefined. The mergesort algorithm is stable. \n \n The qsort and qsort_r functions are an implementation of C.A.R. Hoare's "quicksort" algorithm, a variant of partition-exchange sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's "Algorithm Q". Quicksort takes O N lg N average time. This implementation uses median selection to avoid its O N**2 worst-case behavior. \n \n The heapsort function is an implementation of J.W.J. William's "heapsort" algorithm, a variant of selection sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's "Algorithm H". Heapsort takes O N lg N worst-case time. Its only advantage over qsort is that it uses almost no additional memory; while qsort does not allocate memory, it is implemented using recursion. \n \n The function mergesort requires additional memory of size \c nmemb \c * \c size bytes; it should be used only when space is not at a premium. The mergesort function is optimized for data with pre-existing order; its worst case time is O N lg N; its best case is O N. \n \n Normally, qsort is faster than mergesort is faster than heapsort . Memory availability and pre-existing order in the data can make this untrue.

RETURN VALUES

The qsort and qsort_r functions return no value. \n \n -std heapsort mergesort

ERRORS

The heapsort and mergesort functions succeed unless: <table cellspacing="0" class="refpage" style="margin-left:25px"> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap> [EINVAL] </td> <td valign="top"> The \c size argument is zero, or, the \c size argument to mergesort is less than "sizeof(void *) / 2". </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap> [ENOMEM] </td> <td valign="top"> The heapsort or mergesort functions were unable to allocate memory. </td> </tr> </table>

COMPATIBILITY

Previous versions of qsort did not permit the comparison routine itself to call qsort ( 3 ). This is no longer true.

sort (1) , reference:radixsort (3) \n \n Hoare, C.A.R. (1962) "Quicksort" The Computer Journal 5:1 pp. 10-15 \n \n Williams, J.W.J (1964) "Heapsort" Communications of the ACM 7:1 pp. 347-348 \n \n Knuth, D.E. (1968) The Art of Computer Programming Vol. 3 "Sorting and Searching" pp. 114-123, 145-149 \n \n McIlroy, P.M. "Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity" Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms January 1992 \n \n Bentley, J.L. McIlroy, M.D. "Engineering a Sort Function" Software--Practice and Experience Vol. 23(11) pp. 1249-1265 (November 1993)

STANDARDS

The qsort function conforms to

qsort