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Changes in Entropy that occur when an Ideal Gas is subjected to both reversible and irreversible operations.

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The Variations of Entropy For a Perfect Gas,

$\delta \Phi = \frac{dq}{T}\;for\;a\;reversible\;operation$

(1)

13108/img_therm_14.jpg

$\delta \Phi \;T = \delta\,q$

(2)

At Constant Volume:-

$\delta \Phi = \frac{w\,C_V\,dt}{T}$

(3)

$\therefore\;\;\;\;\;\Phi _2 - \Phi _1 = \int_{T_1}^{T_2}\frac{w\;C_V\,dt}{T}$

(4)

$= wC_V\;Ln\frac{T_2}{T_1}\;\;\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\;w\;C_V\;ln\frac{P_2}{P^1}$

(5)

At Constant Pressure:-

$\delta \Phi = \frac{w\;C_P\;dt}{T}$

(6)

$\therefore\;\;\;\;\;\Phi _2 - \Phi _1 = \int_{T_1}^{T_2}\;w\;C_P\;dt$

(7)

$= w\;C_P\;Ln\frac{T_2}{T_1}\;\;\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\;w\;C_P\;Ln\frac{V_2}{V_1}$

(8)

For an Isothermal Operation:-

$Heat\;Supplied = Work\;Done + \delta\,U\,( Constant)$

(9)

$= P\;\delta \,V$

(10)

$\therefore\;\;\;\;\;\delta \Phi = \frac{p\delta V}{T} = w\;R\;\frac{dv}{V}$

(11)

$Thus\;\;\;\;\;\Phi _2 - \Phi_1 = w\,R\,Ln\frac{V_2}{V_1}\;\;\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\;w\,R\,Ln\frac{P_1}{P_2}$

(12)

Entropy for an irreversible Operation

Consider a gas changing from $P_1V_1T_1$ to $P_2V_2T_2$ . The Function of State depends upon the values of P,V,&T at 1 & 2, and it is independent of the process.

13108/img_therm_15.jpg

Stage 1

$\Phi _a - \Phi _1 = wC_V\;Ln\;\frac{T_a}{T_1}\;\;\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\;wC_V\;Ln\;\frac{P_2}{P_1}$

(13)

$\Phi _2 - \Phi _a = wC_P\;Ln\;\frac{T_2}{T_a}\;\;\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\;wC_V\;Ln\;\frac{V_2}{V_1}$

(14)

$\therefore\;\;\;\;\;\Phi _2 - \Phi _1 = w\left( C_P\;Ln\;\frac{P_2}{P_1} + C_V\;Ln\;\frac{V_2}{V_1} \right)$

(15)

Sketching Operations on P.V. and T. Phi graphs

NOTE

The Area under the curve on a P.V. graph is the Work Done.

The Area under the curve on a T. $\Phi$ graph is the heat Supplied.

13108/img_therm16.jpg

Constant Volume 1 - 2

$P\;V^n = Constant$

(16)

$V = Constant$

(17)

$n = infinity$

(18)

$\Phi _2 - \Phi _2 = w\;C_V\;Ln\;\frac{T_2}{T_1}$

(19)

$\therefore\;\;\;\;\;\Phi = w\;C_V\;Ln\;T$

(20)

Constant Pressure 1 - 3

$P\;V^n = Constant$

(21)

$P = Constant$

(22)

$n = 0$

(23)

$\Phi _2 - \Phi _1 = wC_P\;Ln\;\frac{T_2}{T_1}$

(24)

Isothermal 1 - 4

$P\;V^n = Constant$

(25)

$T = Constant$

(26)

$\therefore\;\;\;P\;V = Constant$

(27)

$n = 1$

(28)

Adiabatic 1 - 5

$n = \gamma$

(29)

$\Phi = Constant$

(30)