Uniform run off
The head loss due to friction in Pipes with uniform run off. Also covered are Tapered Pipes
Key Facts
Gyroscopic Couple: The rate of change of angular momentum (= Moment of Inertia.
= Angular velocity
= Angular velocity of precession.
Introduction
In the supply of water for Domestic, Commercial and Irrigation purposes, it is common for water to be taken from the pipe line, in many places along the length. Due to the viscosity of a fluid in motion, energy is dissipated as the fluid circulates through the pipe. As a result,the pressure of the fluid at various points along the pipeline will vary. This section analyses the head loss in uniform pipe.Head Loss (or friction head or resistance head) is due to the frictional forces acting against a fluid's motion by the container.
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Example:
[imperial]
Example - Example 1
Problem
A horizontal water-main comprises 5000 ft. of 6 in pipe followed by 3000 ft. of 4 in. pipe (
=0.007 for both). All the water is drawn off at a uniform rate per ft. length of pipe.
If the total input is
, find the total pressure drop along the main, neglecting all losses except friction. Also draw the Hydraulic Gradient diagram taking the pressure head at inlet as 180 ft.
If the total input is
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Workings
The velocity of flow at
is:
^2}=4.584\;ft./sec.)
And the rate of flow
Since:
And:
Substituting the above values into equation (1) of Total Head Lost:
For the 4 in length of pipe
= 0 since all the water is used up and nothing flows out of the end of the pipe. The velocity of flow is now given by:
Using equation (1) of Total Head Lost again:
Hence the total head lost
The Hydraulic Gradient
Three points on the graph are already known. The inlet pressure of 180 ft. and consequently the pressures at the end of the 6 in. pipe and the 5 in. pipe. It is now necessary to establish the pressure varies between these points.
enters the pipe and it is all drawn off at a uniform rate over the complete length of the pipe. Thus at any point distant
from the start of the pipe the quantity flowing will be:
When
is in the 6 in. diameter section of the pipe:
Hence the head lost due to friction between the inlet and the point
(
being in the 6 in. section of the pipe) is given by Equation (1) of Total Head Lost:
i.e.
Thus the pressure at
which is
ft. from the
is given by:
At the start of the 4 in. pipe the velocity of flow is 3.88 ft./sec. and at the end of the pipe the velocity is zero. Hence the velocity at any point
from
is given by:
Hence the frictional head lost over the distance
is given by:
Which can be written as:
As the water is drawn off at a steady rate, the rate of flow at the end of the 6 in. pipe is given by :
The quantity flowingSolution
Hence, using equations (1) (2) (3) and (4) the following graph can be drawn.
This is the required Hydraulic Gradient. The values between the known points are functions of
.
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